Absolute encoders can also be based on electromagnetic or resolver-like circuits, which require precise measurement of sinusoidal electrical signals. Therefore, precision op amps and voltage references are also important. Motor and motion control always require accurate motor current and voltage sensing, especially when sensorless control is employed. A common solution is inline and inverter leg low-side sensing using isolated/non-isolated amplifiers and drivers with integrated low-side current sensing.

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Executing motion control profiles and algorithms in a precision motion control system requires an MCU with high computing power. To provide the necessary precision and accuracy, such MCUs typically have a word size of 32 bits and have native 64-bit floating point support. Because algorithms rely heavily on trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential math, many MCUs have hardware accelerators.

Given the number of axes of motion to be controlled or the number of control loops, designers often employ multiple central processing unit (CPU) architectures or CPU-like parallel accelerators. Multiple CPUs can also be considered for additional supervisory and communication tasks.

As a real-time control application, the total delay of the entire signal chain (i.e., the time from collecting current, voltage, position and speed measurements to updating the control output) directly affects the control performance and thus the accuracy. Some MCUs have on-chip analog comparators that can directly generate control actions, significantly reducing latency and CPU load. Fast interrupt response and context save and restore are also important.

Just having high processing power is not enough. Motion-control MCUs must also have general-purpose control peripherals such as 12- and 16-bit analog-to-digital converters, QEP interfaces, high-resolution edge and pulse capture, and pulse-width modulation (PWM) outputs. Additionally, the ability to implement custom logic and timing is required.

To help designers get started and tune their designs faster, MCU and motor driver suppliers provide motor and motion control algorithms, including core algorithms such as sensorless observers and software libraries, and complete control code with GUI configurability.

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